Raymond, who conquered third seed Venus Williams in the previous round, hardly raised a sweat as the 25th seed raced past her inexperienced opponent in just 42 minutes at Melbourne Park.
Moscow-born Golovin, who celebrated her 16th birthday on Sunday and was the youngest player left in the women's singles, had eliminated seeds Lina Krasnoroutskaya and Anna Smashnova-Pistolesi on her way to the fourth round.
She was granted a wildcard entry into the tournament under a reciprocal arrangement for promising juniors between the Australian and French Opens.
Raymond will play either 22nd seed Patty Schnyder of Switzerland or 29th seed Nathalie Dechy of France in the quarter-finals.
