Is the government getting needlessly hysterical about inflation? Many people think it is okay to tolerate some inflation if, in return, it is possible to sustain higher growth rates. Nothing matters as much for peace, prosperity and poverty alleviation as high GDP growth, so I would always advocate any policy which delivers higher sustained GDP growth.
However, the link between inflation and growth is complex. High inflation does not give high growth. The growth miracles of Asia, where above 7% growth was sustained over a 25-year period, were not associated with high inflation. In fact, countries with high inflation have tended to have low growth.
In the business cycle, an acceleration of inflation can support a temporary acceleration of growth. In India, expected inflation has gone up from roughly 3% in 2004 to roughly 7% today--a rise of 4 percentage points. Interest rates have risen by less than 4 percentage points. As a consequence, real interest rates have actually gone down. Borrowing has become cheaper; we have a credit boom; and this is giving heightened GDP growth.
If inflation now stands still at 7%, this boost to GDP growth will fade away. Episodes where inflation went up are associated with a brief acceleration of GDP growth. A government can jolt an economy by raising the inflation rate. This heightened growth is not sustained. Conversely, achieving high sustained GDP growth is about fundamental issues of economic reform, and does not concomitantly require high inflation.
One of the great strengths of India is that the political system just does not accept high inflation. This is one area where politicians have been ahead of the intellectuals. Inflation of 3% is politically acceptable, and inflation above 5% sets off alarm bells.
The government that can jolt an economy by raising the inflation rate then has to go through the costly process of wringing out the inflation, to get back to 3%. Since there is no tradeoff between inflation and GDP growth, Parliament is right in demanding low inflation and high GDP growth.
Currently, in India, we go through boom-and-bust cycles; sometimes GDP growth rates are very high and sometimes GDP growth rates drop sharply. This boom-and-bust cycle is unpleasant for every household. There is a powerful international consensus that stabilising inflation reduces this boom-and-bust cycle of GDP growth.
The ideal combination, which has been achieved in all mature market economies, is one involving low inflation, which is also predictable and non-volatile. Low inflation volatility induces low volatility of GDP growth.
Low and predictable inflation also reduces the number of mistakes made by entrepreneurs in formulating investment plans. What India does not have is an institutional capacity for delivering predictable, non-volatile inflation of 3%.
In socialist India, the way to deal with an outbreak of inflation was to do government interference in commodity markets. A few commodities that "cause" inflation are identified, and the government swings into action: banning exports, giving out import licences, banning futures trading, sending the police to unearth "hoarding", etc.
This is deeply distortionary. Milk exports were banned, and milk prices fell. But why should milk farmers pay for a macroeconomic problem of inflation? The cost of bringing down inflation needs to be dispersed all across the economy.
If milk prices had been allowed to rise, then more labour and capital would shift from unproductive cereals to high-value milk production. India has the potential to be the world's biggest exporter of milk. But this requires a sophisticated web of producers, supply chain, exporters, factories, etc.
This sophisticated ecosystem will not flourish when the government meddles in the milk industry. A meddlesome government will go through the whiplash of doing an MSP one day because milk prices are low and banning exports another day because milk prices are high.
There is something profoundly wrong about a government that interferes in what can be imported and what can be exported. If the export of ball bearings were sometimes banned by the government, you can be sure there would be fewer factories to build ball bearings.
India is evolving from a socialist past into a mature market economy. How can predictable, non-volatile inflation of 3% be achieved? The recipe that has been developed worldwide is to devote the entire power of monetary policy to this one task. In India, the RBI has a complex mandate spanning over many contradictory roles. This has led to failures on inflation control.
In a mature market economy, a modern central bank watches expected inflation with great interest. Active trading takes place on the spot and derivatives markets, for both ordinary bonds and inflation-indexed bonds. Using these prices, a modern central bank is able to infer expected inflation.
When the short-term interest rate is raised or lowered, in order to respond to changes in expected inflation, there is a slow impact on the economy, possibly spread over two to three years. A modern central bank has the economic knowledge required to watch out for expected inflation deep in the future, and respond to it ahead of time, so as to deliver inflation that is on target.
In India's case, the RBI Act of 1934 predates modern monetary economics. In other countries, fundamental reforms have been undertaken in order to refashion monetary institutions in the light of modern knowledge. As an example, in the late 1990s, when Tony Blair and Gordon Brown won the election, they refashioned the Bank of England as a focused central bank which has three core values:
- Independence: the Bank of England sets the short rate without involvement from the Ministry of Finance.
- Transparency: the entire process through which interest rate setting is done is fully transparent so that the financial markets always know exactly what is being done and why.
- Accountability: the Bank of England is accountable for hitting an inflation target. All tasks other than the inflation target were removed from the Bank of England.
The bad drafting of the RBI Act of 1934 is the ultimate cause of the distress of milk producers today. These linkages are not immediately visible, but they are very real. It is because India does not have a proper institutional foundation for monetary policy that we are reduced to distortionary mechanisms for inflation control.
