Monetary policy is at a difficult juncture, in India and outside it. On balance, the RBI is on the right track by being hawkish about inflation. Inflation in India has risen far beyond acceptable levels, and more dangerously, the very credibility of monetary policy is undermined when the economy thinks that the central bank won't respond to a sharp rise in inflation.
What India needs most today is the RBI laying the path for getting back to the 3 per cent inflation of late 2003.
In India, there are difficulties in inflation measurement. Unfortunately, both the Consumer Price Index and the Wholesale Price Index have severe methodological and operational problems. But between the two, the CPI is clearly the better measure.
The CPI basket is the genuine consumption of some households in India, while the WPI basket lacks such a foundation. Hence, it is better to utilise the CPI, even though it has inferior timeliness and frequency.
Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers inflation had gone below 3 per cent in late 2003. From there on, inflation has steadily accelerated, reaching very high values of 6-7 per cent in recent months.
This constitutes an acceleration of inflation of 300-400 basis points. Interest rates have not risen by a commensurate amount, so effectively real rates have dropped.
High GDP growth in the aftermath of such a sharp reduction in real interest rates - an expansionary monetary policy - is hardly surprising. This episode has served to undermine the RBI's credibility as a central bank. Such episodes increase inflation persistence, by giving households and firms the idea that when inflation spikes, monetary policy will not react correctly to it.
The picture of monetary policy in the US has been more cloudy. In recent years, there have been divergent views about the US economy. Many economists from the research community have been much more gloomy about the outlook, when compared with economists on Wall Street. In 2006, the pessimists have been proved right.
Growth in the US first faltered in Q4 2005, with 1.8 per cent, but it bounced back to 5.6 per cent in Q1 2006. From Q1 2006, a sea change has come about on the US housing market. GDP growth dropped to 2.6 per cent in Q2 2006 and further to 1.6 per cent in Q3 2006.
There were some statistical difficulties with the Q3 data on the automobile industry, so some independent analysts are interpreting the Q3 number as being more like 1 per cent growth. This is a dramatic change in fortunes, from 5.6 per cent in Q1 to perhaps 1 per cent in Q3.
Private residential investment, which did well till Q2 2005, has been the main source of growth deceleration in the US thereafter. This element turned in numbers of -11 per cent in Q2 2006 and then -17 per cent in Q3. Looking forward, two kinds of effects will be felt.
First, problems in US housing could deepen, and private residential investment could continue to drop. More importantly, the drop in housing prices will feed into lower consumption in coming quarters.
So far, US personal consumption growth decelerated from 3.4 per cent in Q1 2006 to 2.1 per cent in Q3. The outlook for the US economy now hinges on how this will evolve in the quarters to come. Many economists expect consumption growth to turn negative, in the aftermath of the housing shock.
How will the US Fed react to these developments? Nobody knows which way the game will go. On the one hand, the softening economy could generate pressures to cut rates once forecasted-inflation drops sharply. But inflation has stayed stubbornly high.
The US Fed has an inflation target of 1-2 per cent. For many quarters now, forecasted-inflation seen in the market for inflation-indexed bonds has been above 2 per cent. Bernanke needs credibility for his next 10 years as Fed chairman, and the way to get that credibility is to get inflation below 2 per cent, by running a tight monetary policy.
But how much does US GDP matter to us in India? It matters greatly. In the olden days, Indian GDP growth was about the monsoon. But agriculture is down to only 20 per cent of GDP and dropping fast, and important parts of agriculture are now immune to the monsoon.
Now India has a business cycle, the likes of which are found in market economies. India also has substantially open economy: gross flows on the current account and the capital account added up to 91 per cent of GDP in 2005-06. Hence, US GDP, which exerts a major impact on world GDP, matters greatly to India. A slowing in US GDP growth will inexorably affect us.
A sharp acceleration of inflation in India plus a distinct slowdown in GDP growth in the US: How should the RBI put these factors together? This situation highlights one key point: there is a difference between the Indian business cycle and the US business cycle.
The US is teetering in a complex decision between tightening and easing. In India, the unambiguous requirement is tightening. The monetary policy woven in the US for the needs of the US economy, by the US Fed, is not the appropriate monetary policy for us in India.
The RBI's first dharma must be the domestic business cycle; the RBI's first goal must be to get India back to the remarkable achievement of 3 per cent CPI inflation of late 2003.
Even though inflation was brought down to 3 per cent then, there seems to have been no institutional effort at hanging in there, and inflation has once again gone out of control.
There are long lags between monetary tightening and its impact on inflation, particularly because the RBI carries little credibility in the eyes of households and firms when it comes to being serious about inflation.
Coincidentally, the time horizons for battling inflation coincide well with the date of the next general elections. Hence, what makes the most sense for the UPA and for the RBI is to focus on an inflation target of 3 per cent, to be achieved by late 2007.
Raising rates could induce higher capital inflow and put pressure on the rupee to appreciate. That is perfectly okay in terms of macro policy. It is far more important to have a credible central bank, and achieve low and stable inflation, than to achieve a desired exchange rate. Achieving stable 3 per cent CPI inflation is a prize, which is within reach of the RBI.
