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{nN>bo A§H$
{Xg§~a 21
n{dÌ ZXr {jàm H$mo J§Xo nmZr go _w[º$ {_boJr
C‚m¡Z H$s _mojXm{`Zr ZXr {jàm H$mo J§Xo Ob go _wº$$ H$aZo H$o {b`oo _Ü`àXoe H$m nhbm àmH$¥{VH$ ew{ÕH$aU g§`Ì CÁO¡Z ZJa go H$wN Xya gXmdb J«m_ _o§ bJm`m ahm h¡&
Cnamï´>n{V Zo g§O` Jm§Yr H$mo ghr ~Vm`m!
CnamîQ´>n{V ^¡amo {g§h eoImdV Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ AmnmVH$mb H$o g_` g§O` Jm§Yr Ûmam OZg§»`m {Z`§ÌU H$o Zg~§Xr H$m`©H«_ VWm AÝ` {~ÝXwAmo§ na bmJy nm§M gyÌr` H$m`©H«_ bmJy ahVm Vmo AmO Xoe H$r g_ñ`mE§ g_mßV hmo OmVr§&
{~«Q>oZ, `yamon _| {~Ho$Jr "B§[S>H$m'
QmQm g_yh H$r AmQmo_m~mBb H$§nZr QoëH$mo Zo {ã-QoZ H$o E_Or amoda g_yh H$o gmW {Z_m©U Am¡a Amny{V© H$m H$ama {H$`m h¡&
^mOnm ~¡R>H$-AJbo MwZmdm| H$s aUZr{V na {dMma hmoJm
^maVr` OZVm nmQu H$o AÜ`j E_ do§H$¡`m Zm`Sy Zo AmO e{Zdma H$mo ~Vm`m {H$ H$b a{ddma go Z`r {X„r _| ewé$ hmoZodmbr Xmo {XZ H$r amîQ´>r` H$m`©H$m{aUr H$r ~¡RH$ _o§ AmJm_r {dYmZg^m MwZmdmo§ H$r V¡`mar H$o {b`o aUZr{V V` H$r OmEJr &
n{ü_ MånmaU-CJ«dm{X`mo§ Zo _w{I`m H$m Ka ~_ go C‹S>m`m
Hw$N> geó CJ«dm{X`mo§ {~hma amÁ` _o§ ^maV Zonmb gr_m go bJo n{ü_ M§nmaU {Obo H$o {MCQmhm WmZm H$o ~¡amJr gmoZ~agm n§Mm`V H$o _w{»m`m ~ÀMm {g§h H$o aVZnwadm Jm§d {ñWV Amdmg na h_bm H$a bmImo§ H$r gån{V Am¡a Am½Zo`mó byQZo H$o ~mX CZH$o Ka H$mo ~_mo§ go CSm {X`m &
H$í_ra-AmV§H$dm{X`mo§ Zo Mma bmoJmo§ H$r hË`m H$r
Oå_y H$í_ra _o§ ~mam_ybm {Obo H$o ar~mZ gmonmoa Jm§d _o§ AmV§H$dm{X`mo§ Zo H$b ewH«$dma Xoa amV EH$ J«m_rU, CgH$o Xmo ~oQmo§ VWm nmoVo H$r Jmobr _maH$a hË`m H$a Xr VWm VrZ _{hbmAmo§ H$mo Km`b H$a {X`m&
~§Jbya EŠgàog XwK©Q>Zm- OmZH$mar Ho$ \$moZ Z§~a
Am§Y« n-Xoe _o§ h¡Xam~mX go 350 {H$bmo_rQa Xya X{jU nyd© aobdo H$o ÐmoUmMb_JyQr àI§S H$o nm{J{XaB© Am¡a no§XoH$„y ñQoeZmo§ H$o ~rM H$b ewH«$dma Xoa amV ~o§Jbya EŠgàog H$o AmR {Sã~o nQar go CVa OmZo H$o H$maU 18bmoJmo§ H$r _m¡V hmo J`r Am¡a H$B© Km`b hmo JEŸ&
H$mobH$mVm H$o {ahm`er BbmH$o _o§ ^`mZH$ AmJ
n{ü_ ~§Jmb _o§ H$mobH$mVm H$o ~Sm ~mOma BbmH$o _o§ H$b ewH«$dma _Ü`am{Ì EH$ {ahm`er B_maV _o§ ^`mZH$ AmJ bJ J`r&
amï´>n{V Xmo {Xdgr` Xm¡ao na H$b O`nwa nhw§M|Jo
amOñWmZ _o§ ^rfU AH$mb Am¡a gyIo go CËnÝZ hmbmV Ed§ amhV H$m`moª VWm gm_m{OH$ gwajm go OwSr J{V{d{Y`mo§ H$m Om`Om boZo H$o {bE amï´>n{V Sm°. E nr Oo A×wb H$bm_ Mma {Obmo§ H$o Xmo {Xdgr` Xm¡ao na H$b a{ddma gw~h nm¡Zo Xg ~Oo O`nwa nhw§M|Jo &
~o§Jbya EŠgàog XwK©QZm _o§ _¥VH$mo§ H$r g§»`m 18-ZrVre
aob _§Ìr ZrVre H$w_ma Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ Am§Y« àXoe _o§ h¡Xam~mX go 350 {H$bmo_rQa Xya X{jU nyd© aobdo H$o ÐmoUmMb_JyQr n«I§S H$o nm{J{XaB© Am¡a no§XoH$„y ñQoeZmo§ H$o ~rM H$b ewH«$dma Xoa amV hwB© ~o§Jbya EŠgn-og XwK©QZm _o§ 18 bmoJmo§ H$r _m¡V hw`r h¡ VWm 80 AÝ` `mÌr Km`b hw`o h¡ &
~§Jbya EŠgn«og XwK©Q>ZmJ«ñV
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Xygao Q>oñQ> _| ^maV H$s hmbV Iam~
^maVr` ~„o~mOmo§ H$r {dXoer {nMmo§ na H$_Omoar EH$ ~ma {\a gm_Zo Am`r Am¡a Ý`yOrb¢S H$o gmW {H«H$oQ QoñQ e¥§Ibm H$o Xygao Am¡a A§{V_ _¡M H$o Vrgao {XZ AmO e{Zdma H$mo h¡{_ëQ>Z (Ý`yOrb¡ÊS>) _| ^maV H$r nhbr nmar gm¡ aZ H$m Am§H$Sm ^r Zhr§ Ny gH$r&
{Xg§~a 20
g§gX H$m erVH$mbrZ gÌ g_mßV
g§gX H$o erVH$mbrZ gÌ _o§ XmoZmo§ gXZmo§ H$r ~¡RH$ AmO ewH«$dma H$mo A{ZüVH$mb H$o {bE ñW{JV hmo J`r &
g§O` XËV H$mo X.A\«$sH$m OmZo H$r AZw_{V
_w§~B© H$s {deof QmSm AXmbV Zo {\ ë_ A{^ZoVm Am¡a _w§~B© l§»mbm~Õ ~_ {dñ\moQ _m_bo H$o Amamonr g§O` XËV H$mo EH$ H$m`©H«_ H$o {gb{gbo _o§ Xg {XZmo H$o {b`o X{jU A\«rH$m OmZo H$r AZw_{V Xo Xr h¡ &
nmon Zo _Xa Q>oQ>aogm Ho$ M_ËH$mam| H$mo ghr _mZm
B©gmB`m| Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o Y_©Jwé nmon OmZ nm°b Zo Zmo~ob nwañH$ma {dOoVm _Xa Q>oaogm Ho$ M_ËH$mam| H$mo ghr _mZm h¡ Ÿ&
Am§Y« àXoe-nw{bg _wR^oS _o§ 4 ZŠgbdmXr _mao JE
Am§Y« àXoe _o§ Ho$ dma§Jb {Obo Ho$ H$mo{Sgmbm Jm§d H$o ~mhar BbmH$o _o§ nw{bg H$o gmW _wR^oS _o§ Xmo _{hbmAmo§ g{hV àOm à{VKQZm {Jamoh H$o Mma ZŠgbdmXr _mao JEŸ&
g§gX _| CR>r {\$ë_ "Jwé' na à{V~§Y bJmZo H$r _m§J
"X Jwé' {\ ë_ H$mo ^maVr` naånam _o§ Jwé$ H$mo àmßV gå_mZ H$r Y{ÁO`m§ CSmZo dmbm ~VmVo hwE Bgo nwZarjU H$o {bE {\a go go§ga ~moS© H$o nmg ^oOZo H$r _m§J AmO ewH«$dma H$mo amÁ`g^m _o§ H$r JB© &
~wH$m© Z nhZZo na amOm¡ar _| 3 N>mÌmAm| H$r hË`m
Oå_y-H$í_ra _o§ amOm¡ar {Obo H$o WmZm_§Sr BbmH$o _o§ AmV§H$dm{X`mo§ Zo ~rVr amV ~wH$m© Z nhZZZo Ho$ H$maU VrZ bS{H$`mo§ H$r hË`m H$a Xr &
H$í_ra _| gËVmê$‹‹T> nrSrnr H$o {dYm`H$ H$s hË`m
Oå_y-H$í_ra Ho$ nwbdm_m {Obo _| amÁ` H$s gÎmmê$‹T> nmQ>u nrS>rnr(nrnwëg
S>o_moH«o${Q>H$ nmQ>u) Ho$ {dYm`H$ AOrO _ra H$s AkmV AmV§H$dm{X`m| Zo CZHo$ Ka Ho$ nmg hr Jmobr _maH$a hË`m H$a XrŸ&
CÎma àXoe-nw{bg Jmobr go 3 N>mÌ _ao
CËVa àXoe _o§ _hmamO J§O {Obo H$o âao§Xm H$ñ~o _o§ NmÌ ZoVm H$r hË`m H$o {damoY _o§ àXe©Z H$a ah N>mÌmo na AmO ewH«$dma H$mo nw{bg Zo âm`{a§§J H$r {Oggo VrZ NmÌmo§ H$r _¥Ë`w hmo JB© &
PmaI§S>-CJ«dm{X`m| Zo 18 nw{bgH$_u _ma S>mbo
ÃmaI§S H$o n{ü_r {g§h^y_ {Obo _o§ CJ«dm{X`mo§ Am¡a nw{bg H$o ~rM AmO ewH«$dma gw~h go Omar ^rfU _wR^oS _o§ EH$ nw{bg CnmYrjH$ g_oV 18 nw{bgH${_©`mo§ H$r _m¡V hmo JB©&
gpãO`m§ Á`mXm ImBE
Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢ {H$ ^maV _o§ g{ãO`mo§ H$r n¡Xmdma H$m Mmbrg go nMmg \rgXr {hñgm H$rQnV§J Am¡a IanVdma ~~m©X H$a XoVo h¢? `{X Bg ~~m©Xr H$mo amoH$Zo _o§ g\bVm {_b Om`o Vmo Xoe _o§ g{ãO`mo§ H$r n¡Xmdma _o§ bmIm§o QZ H$m BOm\m hmo gH$Vm h¡&
noQ´>mob n§n KmoQ>mbm- gwàr_ H$moQ>© Ûmam gaH$ma H$m \¡$gbm aÔ
CÀMV_ Ý`m`mb` Zo noQ´>mob n§nmo§ Am¡a EbnrOr VWm {_År H$o Vob H$r Srba{en H$o 3760 Amd§QZmo§ H$mo aÔ H$aZo g§~§Yr Zm¡ AJñV H$mo {bE JE H$oÝÐ gaH$ma H$o \¡gbo H$mo AmO ewH«$dma H$mo {ZañV H$a {X`m&
^maV- 8 {dHo$Q> na 92 aZ
h¡{_ëQZ ( Ý`yOrb¢S) _| Iobo Om aho ^maV-Ý`yOrb¡ÊS> Ho$ Xygao QoñQ> Ho$ Xygao {XZ AmO ewH«$dma H$mo Z`yOrb¡ÊS> H$o Jo§X~mOmo§ Zo KmVH$ Jo§X~mOr H$aVo hwE ^maV H$o ~„o~mOmo§ H$r {\$a go YÁOr CSmVo hwE H$odb 92 aZ na CgH$o AmR {dH$oQ MQH$mH$a AnZr {ñW{V _O~yV H$a br&
PmaI§S>-CJ«dm[X`m|, nw{bg Ho$ ~rM _wR>^o‹S>
C‹S>rgm amÁ` H$r gr_m go bJo ÃmaI§S H$o gam`H$obm {Obo H$o _Zmohanwa WmZmÝVJ©V OamB©H$obm Jm§d H$o g_rn H$b Jwédma amV go XmoZmo§ amÁ`mo§ H$r nw{bg Am¡a C½-dm{X`mo§ H$o ~rM _wR^o‹S>Omar h¡&
Oå_y-AmV§{H$`mo§ Zo 3 b‹S>{H$`m| H$s hË`m H$s
H$b Jwédma amV Oå_y I§S> Ho$ amOm¡ar I§S> _| WmZm_§S>r joÌ _| AkmV AmV§H$dm{X`m| Zo VrZ `wdm b‹S>{H$`m| H$s hË`m H$a XrŸ&
amï´>r` Iob-n§Om~ H$m EWbrQ {JaâVma
h¡Xam~mX _| hmo aho amîQ-r` Iobmo§ _o§ AnZr Vah H$r nhbr KQZm _o§ nw{bg Zo n§Om~ H$o EH$ EWbrQ H$mo AmÝY« n-Xoe H$r Amoa go Iob ahr EH$ _{hbm EWbrQ {dZrVm {ÌnmRr H$mo nrQZo H$o Amamon _§o {JaâVma {H$`m h¡&
^maV-Ý`yOrb¢S {H«H$oQ QoñQ, ~m[ae go {\$a ~mYm
^maV Am¡a Ý`yOrb¢S H$o ~rM Xygao {H«H$oQ QoñQ H$o Xygao {XZ AmO h¡{_ëQZ _¡XmZ Jrbm hmoZo H$o H$maU Iob b§M VH$ ñW{JV H$a {X`m J`m h¡&
{Xg§~a 19
`yQ>rAmB© KmoQ>mbm-`ed§V {gÝhm H$mo "ŠbrZ {MQ'
g§`wº$$ g§gXr` g{_{V (Oonrgr) Zoo {nNbo df© H$o `yQrAmB© Am¡a eo`a KmoQmbo _o§ VËH$mbrZ {dËV _§Ìr `ed§V {gÝhm H$mo "ŠbrZ {MQ' Xo Xr h¡ Ÿ&
`yQ>rAmB© KmoQ>mbm-Ho$VZ nmaoI,gw~«_{U`_ d AOrV Hw$_ma Xmofr
g§`wº$$ g§gXr` g{_{V (Oonrgr) Zo {nNbo df© hw`o 8000 H$amoS én`o H$o eo`a KmoQmbo _o§ eo`a Xbmb H$oVZ nmaoI Am¡a `yEg--64 `moOZm H$r XwJ©{V H$o {b`o `yQrAmB© VËH$mbrZ Mo`a_oZ nr Eg gw~«_{U`_ d nyd© {dËV g{Md AOrV H$w_ma H$mo Xmofr Rham`m h¡ &
Oob _| ~§X hþ[a©`V ZoVm g¡æ`X Abr emh {JbmZr ~r_ma
PmaI§S> H$s Oob _| ~§X hþ[a©`V ZoVm g¡æ`X Abr emh {JbmZr ~r_ma hmo J`o h¢Ÿ&
JwOamV-A_a{g§h Mm¡Yar g§^mb|Jo {dnj H$s H$_mZ
JwOamV H$o nyd© _w»`_§Ìr A_a{g§h Mm¡Yar JwOamV {dYmZg^m _o§ H$m§J«og {dYm`H$ Xb H$o ZoVm MwZo J`o & do A~ gXZ _| {dnj Ho$ ZoVm H$s ^y{_H$m g§^mb|JoŸ&
^mar {h_nmV,H$í_ra KmQr H$m Xoe go g§nH©$ QyQm
^mar {h_nmV H$o H$maU VrZ gm¡ {H$bmo_rQa b§~m lrZJa-Oå_y amîQ-r` amO_mJ© AmO Jwédma H$mo ~§X H$a {X`o OmZo go H í_ra KmQr H$m Xoe H$o eof ^mJ go gSH$ g§nH$© QyQ J`m h¡ &
gwZrVm amZr H$mo dmng {_b gH$Vo h¢ E{e`mS> nXH$
~wgmZ E{e`mB© Iobmo§ _§o _mXH$ nXmWmoª H$o godZ H$o Amamon _o§ OrVo J`o nXH$mo§ go d§{MV H$r JB© OmZr _mZr EWbrQ gwZrVm amZr H$mo Xmof_wº$$ H$ama XoH$a nXH$ bm¡Qm`o OmZo H$r g§^mdZm h¡ &
{\$a H$moa_ Zht ^am,bmoH$g^m _| MMm© AYyar Ny>Q>r
H$moa_ H$o A^md _o§ AmO Jwédma H$mo bmoH$g^m H$r H$m`©dmhr ñW{JV hmo JB© & gXZ _o§ Cg g_` {ZJ_ 193 H$o VhV JÝZm {H$gmZmo§ H$r g_ñ`mAmo§ na MMm© Mb ahr Wr &
g§gX h_bm \¡$gbm-H$í_ra _| h‹S>Vmb,{JaâVm[a`m§
g§gX ^dZ na AmV§H$dmXr h_bo H$r gm{Oe _o§ em{_b VrZ H$í_r{a`mo§ H$mo _m¡V H$r gOm gwZm`o OmZo H$o {damoY _o§ lrZJa _o§ EH$ {XZ H$s h‹S>Vmb d {JaâVm[a`m§ Xr JBªŸ&
C.à.-_m`mdVr Zo {Zb§{~V {H$`o Xmo d[aîR> A{YH$mar
CËVa àXoe H$r _w»`_§Ìr gwlr _m`mdVr Zo AmJam H$o Am`wº$$ dr H$o e_m© VWm H$mZnwa n{ajoÌ H$o nw{bg Cn _hm{ZarjH$ amOrd am` ^QZmJa H$mo {Zb§{~V H$a {X`m h¡ &
^yI go _m¡V|-H|$Ð gaH$ma ^r Eogm Zht _mZVr
amOñWmZ,N>ÎmrgJ‹T>,C‹S>rgm d _Ü` àXoe Ho$ Hw$N> BbmH$m| _| {nN>bo {XZm| hþB© ^yI go _m¡Vm| na amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ ~mX A~ Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Zo ^r Eogr I~am| H$mo _mZZo go B§H$ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
eam~ H$m {dkmnZ H$aZo na dgr_ AH$a_ na _wH$X_m
nm{H$ñVmZ _o§ EH$ ì`{º$ Zo eam~ H$m {dkmnZ H$aZo na Xoe Ho$ nyd© {H«$Ho$Q>a dgr_ AH$a_ na _mZhm{Z H$m _wH$X_m RmoH$ {X`m h¡ &
dr EZ Iao ~Zo Xoe H$o 33 d| _w»` Ý`m`mYre
CÀMV_ Ý`m`mb` H$o d{aîRV_ Ý`m`mYre Ý`m`_y{V© {dœoœa ZmW Iao H$mo AmO Jwédma H$mo _w»` Ý`m`mYre nX H$r enW {Xbm`r J`r &
{X„r-"Eåg' bJr AmJ na {Z`§ÌU nm`m J`m
amOYmZr _o§ A{Ib ^maVr` Am`w{d©kmZ g§ñWmZ (Eåg) _o§ {dÚwV emâQ _o§ AmJ bJ JB© bo{H$Z Cg na H$wN hr Xoa _o§ H$m~y nm {b`m J`m &
"`y{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> _m_bm-nyd© {dÎm g{Md Xmofr'
g§`wº$$ g§gXr` g{_{V (Oonrgr) Zo ^maVr` `y{ZQ Q-ñQ H$r ^wJVmZ g_ñ`m na C{MV g_` na H$ma©dmB© Zhr§ H$aZo H$o _m_bo _o§ nyd© {dËV g{Md AOrV H$w_ma H$mo Xmofr Rham`m h¡&
eo`a KmoQmbo _o§ H$oVZ nmaoI H$r _w»` ^y{_H$m-Oonrgr
g§`wº$$ g§gXr` g{_{V (Oonrgr) Zo {nNbo df© eo`a ~mOma _o§ AmB© ^mar _§Xr _o§ eo`a Xbmb H$oVZ nmaoI H$r "_w»` ^y{_H$m' ~VmB© h¡&
`yQrAmB©, eo`a KmoQmbo H$r {anmoQ© g§gX _o§ noe
^maVr` `y{ZQ Q-ñQ (`y Qr AmB©) Am¡a eo`a H$mamo~ma _o§ hw`o KmoQmbo H$o ~mao _o§ g§`wº$$ g§gXr` g{_{V (Oonrgr) H$r Om§M {anmoQ© AmO Jwédma H$mo g§gX H$o Xmo§Zmo§ gXZmo§ _o§ noe H$a Xr JB© &
Zm`Sy> Zo H$¥îUm go nrZo H$m nmZr NmoSZo H$r Anrb H$r
Am§Y« àXoe H$o _w»`_§Ìr EZ M§Ð~m~y Zm`Sy Zo H$Zm©QH$ H$o _w»`_§Ìr Eg E_ H$¥îUm go Anrb H$r h¡ {H$ dh amÁ` H$o gyIm n-^m{dV BbmH$mo§ H$o bmoJmo§ H$r nrZo H$r nmZr H$r Oê$$aV nyar H$aZo H$o {bE Ab_mQr ~m§Y go nmZr NmoSo§&
Am§Y« àXoe-amgm`{ZH$ \¡$ŠQ´>-r _o§ {dñ\moQ go nm§M _aoo
h¡Xam~mX _o§ _oSH$ {Obo H$o gXm{ednoQ _o§ AmO Jwédma VSH$o EH$ amgm`{ZH$ \¡$ŠQ´>-r _o§ hwE ^rfU {dñ\moQ _o§ nm§M _OXya _mao JE Am¡a Xmo Km`b hmo JE &
dSmoXam _o§ {\$a {h§gm,nm§M Km`b
JwOamV H$o dSmoXam eha H$o H$wN BbmH$mo§ _§o H$b ~wYdma amV {\a {h§gm ^‹S>H$ CRr {Og_o§ nm§M bmoJ Km`b hmo J`o&nw{bg Zo Bg {gb{gbo _o§ AmR bmoJmo§ H$mo {JaâVma {H$`m&
ghmaZnwa-ahñ`_` ~r_mar H$s Om§M AQ>H$s
CËVa n-Xoe H$o {Obm ghmaZnwa _o§ \¡br ahñ`_` ~r_mar H$r OS VH$ nhw§MZo H$o {bE {M{H$ËgH$ Xb _{ñVîH$ H$o QwH$So H$r Om§M H$amZo H$r _m§J H$a aho h¡
VmO_hb Ho$ "ajH$m|'Ho$ ~rM _manrQ>
VmO_hb H$s XoIaoI H$m {Oå_m A§^mbZo dmbo ^maVr` nwamVËd gd}jU {d^mJ Am¡a gr?AmB©?Eg?E\? OdmZmo§ H$o ~rM _§Jbdma H$mo _manrQ> hmo J`rŸ&
h_mar n¥Ïdr H$m nmam M‹T> ahm h¡
df© 1860 H$o ~mX Xygam g~go J_© df© 2002 ahm h¡& {g\©$ `hr Zht, {nNbo nÀMrg dfmoª _o§ n¥Ïdr H$m Vmn_mZ VoOr go ~T ahm h¡&
^maV-Ý`yOrb¢S Xygam QoñQ, dfm© H$o H$maU {db§~
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