_wH{$e P§oJ`mZr
X{e H{$ àW_ J¥h_§Ìr gaXma dëb^^mB© [Q>{b H$m [mH$ AoYH¥$V H$í_ra H{$ ]ma{ _| `h ñ[ï> _V Wm oH$ [moH$ñVmZ Z{ Cg [a H$ãOm oH$`m h¡ Am¡a h_bmdam| H$m{ ]mha IX{S> H$a hr Cg{ _wº$ H$amZm MmohE$&
`h OmZH$mar gaXma [Q>{b H$s [wÌr _oU]{Z [Q>{b H$s hmb _| N>[r 523 [¥ð>m| H$s S>m`ar 'gmB©S> ñQ>m{ar Am\$ gaXma [Q>{b - X S>m`ar Am\$ _oU]{Z [Q>{b' g{ o_bVr h¡$ oOgH$m JwOamVr g{ A§J«{Or _| AZwdmX JOQ> H{$ [yd© g§[mXH$ `y. E_. Mm¡·er Z{ oH$`m h¡$& BgH$m g§[mXZ S>m°. [r. EZ. Mm{[S>m Am¡a S>m°. à^m Mm{[S>m Z{ oH$`m h¡$& CÝhm|Z{ lr. gaXma [Q>{b H$s aMZmAm| H{$ g§H$bZ H$m ^r g§[mXZ oH$`m h¡$&
S>m`ar H{$ AZwgma gaXma [Q>{b H$m `h ^r _mZZm Wm oH$ H$í_ra H{$ _wÔ{ H$m{ g§`wº$ amï> _| Zhr gwbPm`m Om gH$Vm$&
gaXma dëb^ ^mB© [Q>{b H$í_ra H{$ od^mOZ H$m{ o]«oQ>e àñVmd H{$ ^r g»V oIbm\$ W{$& CÝhm|Z{ `h àñVmd ÑT>Vm g{ Rw>H$am oX`m Wm$& dh H$í_ra H{$ EH$ ohñg{ [a [moH$ñVmZ H{$ H$ãO{ H$m{ b{H$a H$m\$s qMoVV W{$& A[Zr _¥Ë`w H{$ M§X hßVm| [hb{ hr CÝh| H$í_ra H{$ [moH$ñVmZr H$ãOm hQ>mZ{ H{$ obE H$madmB© H$s AZw_oV Z oXE OmZ{ g{ X{e H{$ gm_Z{ AmZ{dmbr [napñWVr`m| H$m Am^mg hm{ J`m Wm Am¡a CÝh| Bg ]mV g{ Jham gX_m [hþ§Mm Wm$&
EH$ [naoMV g{ ]mVMrV _| H$í_ra _wÔ{ [a A[Zr [rS>m ì`º$ H$aV{ hþE H$Wm Wm 'O] h_ H$í_ra _| bS>Zm MmhV{ W{ V] d{ (àYmZ_§Ìr Odmhabmb Z{hé) hñVj{[ H$aZ{ bJ{$& CÝhm|Z{ ([§. Z{hé) H$hm "Vwåh| E{gm o]ëHw$b Zhr H$aZm MmohE - Vwåh{ o]ëHw$b Zht bS>Zm MmohE, Jm{br Zht MbmZm h¡$& AmoIa e{I - e{I _m{hå_X AãXwbm ·`m hm{Jm$&'
gaXma [Q>{b Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ [§. Z{hé Z{ Om{ H$í_ra _| oH$`m Wm dhr dh h¡Xam]mX _| Xm{hamZm MmhV{ W{$& CÝhm{Z{ H$hm "b{oH$Z _¡Z{ H$m_ [yam H$a oX`m$'& bm¡h [wéf A·Qy>]a 1947 _| H$í_ra [a hþE [moH$ñVmZr h_b{ H{$ ]mX CgH{$ H$ãO{ _| JE H$í_ra H$s g_ñ`m Bgr Vah gwbPmZ{ H{$ [jYa W{$&
S>m`ar _| XO© H$B© oQ>ß[oU`m| g{ [Vm MbVm h¡ oH$ dh H$í_ra g{ Kwg[¡oR>`m| H$m{ oZH$mbZ{ H{$ àoV oH$VZ{ qMoVV W{$&
A·Qy>]a 1948 _| XO© EH$ oQ>ß[Ur H{$ AZwgma EH$ H$í_rar Z{Vm ]»er Jwbm_ _m{hå_X Z{ J¥h_§Ìr g{ H$í_ra g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ h¡Xam]mX H$s VO© [a H$aZ{ H$m oZd{XZ oH$`m Wm$& e{I AãXwëbm H{$ ]mX ]»er hr amÁ` H{$ _w»`_§Ìr ]Z{$&
[Q>{b Z{ CZg{ ([§. Z{hé Am¡a e{I AãXwëbm g{) oboIV é[ g{ `h dmXm H$amZ{ H$m{ H$hm Wm 'd{ Bg _m_b{ _| hñVj{[ Zht H$a|J{ Am¡a Z hr g{Zm H{$ oH$gr BbmH{$ _| àd{e _| H$m{B© ]mYm S>mb|J{$&' `oX CÝh| H$í_ra _| h¡Xam]mX H$s VO© [a H$madmB© H$aZ{ H$s Ny>Q> Xr OmVr Vm{ `h g_ñ`m V^r gwbP OmVr$&
hmbm§oH$ gaXma [Q>{b na`mgVm| H{$ ^maV _| odb` g§]§Yr _m_bm| H{$ à^mar _§Ìr Am¡a C[àYmZ_§Ìr W{ b{oH$Z H$í_ra _m_bm odX{e _§Ìmb` H$m{ X{ oX`m J`m oOg{ ñd`§ [§. Z{hé X{I ah{ W{$&
BgH{$ Hw$N> hr oXZ [hb{ [§. Z{hé Z{ J¥h_§Ìr H$m{ obIm Wm oH$ O] àYmZ_§Ìr odX{e `mÌm [a hm{ Vm{ odX{e _§Ìmb` H$m oOå_m VËH$mbrZ H$mZyZ _§Ìr Jm{[mbñdm_r Am`§Ja X{I|J{$& Bgg{ jwãY hm{H$a gaXma [Q>{b Z{ A[Zr BñVr\{$ H$s [{eH$e H$s b{oH$Z [§. Z{hé Z{ CZg{ E{gm Z H$aZ{ Am¡a _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s gbmh [a A_b H$aZ{ H$s àmW©Zm H$s Om{ Jm§YrOr Z{ A[Zr hË`m H{$ [hb{ Xr Wr$&
S>m`ar H{$ AZwgma gmV _hrZ{ H{$ ]mX EH$ ]ma o\$a ]»er Jwbm_ _m{hå_X Z{ J¥h_§Ìr g{ H$í_ra H{$ _m_b{ _| hñVj{[ H$aZ{ H$m AmJ«h oH$`m Wm$& S>m`ar H{$ AZwgma gaXma [Q>{b àYmZ_§Ìr H$m A[Z{ [a ^am{gm Zht hm{Z{ H$m H$maU A[Zr hr H$_Om{ar _mZV{ W{$& CÝhm|Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ O] dh ([§. Z{hé) ]mha OmV{ h¢ Vm{ dh oboIV oZX}e X{V{ h¢ oH$ H$í_ra Am¡a odX{e _§Ìmb` Jm{[mb ñdm_r X{I|J{$& _oU]{Z H$hVr h¡ oH$ V] ]m[y H¡$g{ hñVj{[ H$a gH$V{ W{$&
_oU]{Z Z{ S>m`ar _| àË`{H$ ñWmZ [a A[Z{ o[Vm H$m{$ ]m[y H$a g§]m{oYV oH$`m h¡ O]oH$ CÝhm|Z{ _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$m{ ]m[yOr H$hm h¡$& Ambm{MH$m| Z{ [§. Z{hê$ g{ gdmb oH$`m Wm oH$ _hmamOm harqgh Ûmam odb` [Ì [a hñVmja H$a X{Z{ H{$ ]mX dh Bg _wÔ{ H$m{ g§`wº$ amï> ·`m| b{ JE VWm OZ_V g§J«h H$m dmXm ·`m| oH$`m$&
S>m`ar H{$ AZwgma JdZ©a OZab _mD§$Q>]{Q>Z H$m gwPmd Wm oH$ H$í_ra H$m{ od^moOV H$a oX`m OmE$& b{oH$Z Bg gwPmd H$m{$ ImnaO H$a oX`m J`m$& OwbmB© 1949 H$m{ XO© EH$oQ>ß[Ur H{$ _wVmo]H$ o]«nQ>e Cƒm`wº$ AmoH©$]mëS> ZmB© Z{ Oå_y j{Ì H$m{ ^maV H$m{ gm¡[Z{ H$m g_Pm¡Vm H$amZ{ H$s [{eH$e H$s Wr$& oOg{ Rw>H$amV{ hþE gaXma [Q>{b Z{ [yN>m Wm oH$ ·`m h_ bm{J og\©$ Bgr j{Ì H{$ obE bS> ah{ h¡$& h_ [yam H$í_ra MmhV{ h¡$&
[moH$ñVmZ H$m{ naOd© ]¢H$ g{ CgH{$ ohñg{ H{$ 75 H$am{S>> é[E _| g{ 20 H$am{S>> X{ oXE JE W{ ]mH$s H$m ^wJVmZ Zhr oH$`m J`m$& b{oH$Z H$í_ra [a h_b{ g{ _m_bm o^Þ hm{ J`m$& H{$ÝÐr` _§oÌ_§S>b Z{ gd© gå_oV g{ oZU©` ob`m oH$ ]mH$s H{$ 55 H$am{S>> é[E H$í_ra _wÔ{ H$m{ gwbPmZ{ H{$ ]mX hr MwH$mE OmE§J{$&
[§. Z{hê$ Z{ g§gX _| Km{fUm H$s H$í_ra _| h_ [a `wÜX Wm{[m J`m h¡ BgobE h_ [moH$ñVmZ H$m{ ]mH$s H$s aH$_ Zht X|J{$&
gaXma [Q>{b ]H$m`m aH$_ H{$ ^wJVmZ H{$ EdO _| H$í_ra _wÔ{ H$m g_mYmZ MmhV{ W{$& CÝhm|Z{ H$hm oH$ `h aH$_ A^r Zht Xr OmEJr [moH$ñVmZr AoYH$mna`m| Z{ _mD§$Q>]{Q>Z g{ g§[H©$ oH$`m$& Bg [a _mD§$Q>]{Q>Z Z{ _hmË_m Jm§Yr g{ H$hm oH$ [moH$ñVmZ H$m{ [¡gm Z X{Zm AZ¡oVH$ h¡$& ]mX _| _hmË_m Jm§Yr Z{ C[dmg ewê$ H$a oX`m$&
S>m`ar H{$ AZwgma gaXma [Q>{b _hmË_m Jm§Yr g{ o_b{ Am¡a CZg{ H$hm oH$ `oX Bg_| Hw$N> JbV h¡ Vm{ _mD§$Q>]{Q>Z H$m{ CÝh{ ]VmZm MmohE$& Jm§YrOr g{ o_bZ{ H{$ ]mX dh _mD§$Q>]{Q>Z g{ o_b{ Am¡a H$hm oH$ Am[Z{ Jm§Yr Or g{ H$hm Wm oH$ [moH$ñVmZ H$m{ [¡gm Z X{Zm JbV h¡ E{gm H$h H$a Am[Z{ A[Z{ _§oÌ_§S>b H$s Jna_m oJamB© h¡$& gaXma [Q>{b Z{ CÝh{ g^r Oê$ar H$mJOmV oXImE V] _mD§$Q>]{Q>Z Z{ CZg{ _m\$s _m§Jr$&
gaXma [Q>{b Z{ _hgyg oH$`m Wm oH$ [moH$ñVmZ H$m{ Cg g_` 55 H$am{S>> é[E X{Z{ H$m ZVrOm KmVH$ hm{Jm$& gwlr _oU]{Z [Q>{b Z{ obIm h¡ oH$ gaXma [Q>{b Z{ ]Vm`m Wm oH$ CÝhm|Z{ _§oÌ_§S>b _| [moH$ñVmZ H$m{ 55 H$am{S>> é[E _§Oya H$s ]mV H$hr Wr [a ]mX _| Bg [a Om{a Zht oX`m$& gaXma [Q>{b Z{ _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$m{ [Ì obIH$a CÝh| gaH$ma g{ _wº$ H$aZ{ H$m AZwam{Y oH$`m Wm$&
Hw$N> oXZm| ]mX _hmË_m Jm§Yr Z{ gaXma [Q>{b g{ gaH$ma _| ahZ{ H$m AmJ«h H$aV{ hþE H$hm oH$ CZ Xm{Zm|- ([§. Z{hê$ Am¡a gaXma [Q>{b) _| g{ oH$gr H$m{ ^r [X _wº$ Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm$& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Z{ CZg{ AJb{ oXZ o_bH$a oddmX gwbPmZ{ H$m AmídmgZ oX`m$& Am¡a Cgr oXZ em_ _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s hË`m hm{ JB©$& Xm{ gmb ]mX XO© H$s JB© EH$oQ>ß[Ur H{$ AZwgma gaXma [Q>{b Z{ YZ H{$ ^wJVmZ H{$ ]mX [moH$ñVmZ H{$ odÎm_§Ìr Jwbm_ _m{hå_X H$m{ PmS>> bJmB© oH$ 55 H$am{S>> é[E H{$ ]Xb{ H$í_ra _wÔ{ H$m g_mYmZ hm{Zm MmohE Wm BgH{$ ]OmE Am[Z{ - ([moH$ñVmZ gaH$ma) _hmË_m Jm§Yr g{ oeH$m`V oH$ oH$ gaXma Z{ [¡g{ X{Z{ g{ _Zm H$a oX`m h¡ oOgH{$ MbV{ Jm§Yr Or H$s hË`m hþB©$& BgH{$ oOå_{Xma Am[ bm{J h¡$& Am[ [a H¡$g{ ^am{gm oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¡$&
Bg [wñVH$ H$s ^yo_H$m Aod^moOV H$m±J«{g A§oV_ AÜ`j Eg oZOqbJß[m Z{ obIr$& CÝhm|Z{ 1988 _| EH$ gm{gmBQ>r JoR>V H$a gaXma [Q>{b H$s C[bpãY`m| [a [wñVH$ "oX H$b{·Q>{S> d·g© Am\$ gaXma [Q>{b' H{$ 15 IÊS> àH$moeV oH$E$& [yd© H$m±J«{g AÜ`j Z{ _oU]{Z [Q>{b H$m{ ^maVr` ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| ^mJ b{Z{ dmbr _ohbmAm| _| AJ«Ur ]Vm`m h¡$&
Bg [wñVH$ _| H$B© KQ>ZmAm| H$m oOH«$ h¡ oOg_| [§. - Z{hê$ Am¡a gaXma [Q>{b H{$ ]rM h¡Xam]mX Am¡a H$í_ra -odX{e ZroV-oVã]V Am¡a ohÝXy _wgb_mZ oddmX ImgH$a [ydu [moH$ñVmZ (dV©_mZ ]m§½bmX{e) g{ AmE eaUmoW©`m| AmoX _wÔm| [a _V^{Xm| H$m [Vm MbVm h¡$&
dmVm©
Bg na[m{Q>© H{$ ]ma{ _| Am[H$s am` ·`m h¡?