C‚m¡Z _| 43 d§{ AnIb ^maVs` H$mnbXmg g_mam{h H$m gwls \$Zm©§Ssg Z{ EH$ Jna_m_` g_mam{h _| g_m[Z nH$`m VWm g_mam{h H$s ndndY JnVndnY`m{§ _| Cëb{IZs` ñWmZ [mZ{ dmb{ ànV`m{nJ`m{§ d gh`m{nJ`m{§ H$m{ [wañH$ma ^s ndVnaV nH$`{ & g_mam{h H$s AÜ`jVm [Ù^yfU Sm. ned_§Jb ng§h gw_Z Z{ H$s VWm ndneï AnVnW [Ù^yfU Sm.ndÚmnZdmg n_l W{ &

gwls \$Zm©§Ssg Z{ H$hm nH$ n[Nb{ Vsg dfm{§© g{ d{ ^maV _| g§ñH$¥V H$m AÜ``Z H$a ahs h¡ nH$ÝVw CÝh| `hm§ g§ñH$¥V H${ g]g{ ]S{ CËgd _| g§ñH$¥VndXm{§ H${ g_j CX]m{{YZ X{Zm [S{Jm `h EH$ gwIX H$ë[Zm _mÌ Ws & CÝhm{§Z{ H$hm nH$ H$mnbXmg ndíd H${ _hmZV_ H$nd`m{§ _| g{ EH$ W{ nOZH$s VwbZm `yam{[s` ndÛmZm{§ H${ gmW H$s OmVs h¡ & O_©Z H$nd J{Q{ ^s H$mnbXmg H$s aMZm "" emH$wÝVb_'' g{ H$m\$s à^modV hwE W{ &

^maVs` g§ñH$¥nV VWm g§ñH$¥V ^mfm H$s g_¥nÕ H${ ]ma{ _| gwls \$Zm©Ssg Z{ H$hm nH$ g§ñH$¥V gmnhË` ImgH$a H$mnbXmg H${ gmnhË` g{ ndnXV hm{Vm h¡ nH$ g§ñH$¥V àmMsZV_ d g_¥Õ ^mfm h¡&

CÝhm{§Z{ ]Vm`mn H$ df© 1784 _| ls ndnb`_ Om{Ýg Z{ [hbs ]ma g§ñH$¥V gmnhË` H$m A§½m«{Os _| AZwdmX nH$`m Wm Am¡a H$hm Wm nH$ g§ñH$¥V ½m«sH$ g{ AnYH$ g_¥nÕembs ^mfm h¡ & ]mX _| df© 1789 _| "" emH$wÝVb_ '' H$m Om{ AZwdmX hwAm dh ^s àe§gZs` Wm& A] emH$wÝVb_ VWm H$mnbXmg H$s AÝ` g_¥Õ aMZmAm{§ H$m [wV©Jmbs ^mfm _| ^s AZwdmX hm{Zm MmnhE &

Sm. ndÚmnZdmg n_l Z{ H$hm nH$ _mZds` AmH$m§jmAm{§ _| hs gmas nXì`Vm g_mnhV h¡ & H$mnbXmg Z{ A[Z{ gmnhË` H${ _mÜ`_ g{ BÝht AmH$m§jmAm{§ H$m{ AË`§V gw§Xa VasH${ g{ An^ì`º$ nH$`m h¡ & CÝhm{§Z{ àH$¥nV ,AmH$m§jm, gm¡§X`© , à{_ AmnX H$s ndeX ì`m»`m H$mnbXmg H$s aMZmAm{§ H${ _mÜ`_ g{ àñVwV H$s &

H$mnbXmg AH$mX_s H${ H$m`©H$mas AÜ`j [Ù^yfU Sm. gw_Z Z{ AnIb ^maVs` H$mnbXmg g_mam{h _| g_`-g_` [a Am`{ X{e ndX{e H${ ndÛVOZm{§ H$m Cëb{I H$aV{ hwE CZH${ AZ{H$ àg§J gwZm`{ &

CÝhm{§Z{ ]Vm`m nH$ g_mam{h _| [hb{ ^s `yZmZ , Om[mZ, AmnX X{em{§ g{ ndÛmZ Am`{ h¢ & AmO h_ma{ ]sM [wV©Jmb H$s [hbs ndXwfs C[nñWV h¡ &

Sm. gw_Z Z{ Bg g_mam{h _| [hbs ]ma Am_ bm{Jm{§ H$m{ Om{SZ{ H${ à`mgm{§ H${ A§VJ©V H$be H$bm `mÌm Am¡a ndn^Þ ^mfmAm{§ H${ ànVnZnY H$nd`m{§ H${ H$ndVm [mR H$m{ Cëb{IZr` ]Vm`m & CÝhm{§Z{ Amem ì`º$ H$s nH$ `h g_mam{h A[Z{ amï­s` Am¡a AÝVam©ï­s` ñdê[ H$m{ ]Zm`{ aIV{ hw`{ Z`{ ñdê[ _| àñVwV hm{Vm ah{Jm &

H$m`©H$mas AÜ`j Sm. gw_Z Z{ OmZH$mas Xs nH$ AJbm g_mam{h 26 A·Qy]a 2001 H$m{ Am`m{nOV hm{Jm &

g_mam{h _| AH$mX_s H${ nZX{eH$ Sm. H${ .H${ . MVwd}Xs Z{ ]Vm`m nH$ àX{e H${ _w»`_§Ìs nXn½dO` ng§h Z{ AnIb ^maVs` nMÌH$bm Ed§ _ynV©H$bm ànV`m{nJVm H${ ndO{VmAm{§ H$m{ n_bZ{ dmbs amne 11 hOma é[`{ g{ ]TmH$a Bg ]ma 15 hOma é[`{ H$a Xs h¡ & Cëb{IZs` h¡ nH$ Bg ]ma nMÌH$bm ànV`m{JVm _| [wañH$¥V EH$ nMÌH$ma ls H$_b{e H${ `db{H$a Z{ 15 hOma é[`{ _yë` H${ A[Z{ [wañH$¥V nMÌ "" gy`m©ñV '' H$m{ AH$mX_s H$m{ hs ^|Q H$a nX`m &

dmVm©

Bg na[m{Q>© H{$ ]ma{ _| Am[H$s am` ·`m h¡?